Step by Step Exploration of Modern Wi-Fi Standards - Discovering 802

Home and business owners looking to buy networking gear face various choices. Many products conform to the_802.11a_ ,802.11b/g/n , and_802.11ac_ wireless standards, collectively known as Wi-Fi technologies. Other wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth, also exist, fulfilling specific networking functions.

For quick reference,802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) , approved in 2024, is the most recent standard. However, just because a standard is approved does not mean it is available to you or is the standard you need for your particular situation. These are routinely updated, much like how software is updated on smartphones or computers.

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What Is 802.11?

In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers created the first WLAN standard. They called it_802.11_ after the name of the group formed to oversee its development. Unfortunately, 802.11 only supported a maximumnetwork bandwidth of 2 Mbps—too slow for most applications. For this reason, ordinary 802.11 wireless products are no longer manufactured. However, an entire family has sprung up from this initial standard.

The best way to look at these standards is to consider 802.11 as the foundation and all other iterations as building blocks upon that foundation that focus on improving both small and large aspects of the technology. Some building blocks are minor touch-ups, while others are quite large.

The most significant changes to wireless standards come when the standards are “rolled up” to include most or all minor updates. So, for example, the most recent roll-up occurred in December 2020 with 802.11-2020. Since then, minor updates have happened, and another large roll-up will eventually encompass them.

Below is a brief look at the most recently approved iterations, outlined from newest to oldest. Other iterations, like 802.11bn (Wi-Fi 8), are still being approved.

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802.11be (Wi-Fi 7)

Released in January 2024, 802.11be (aka Wi-Fi 7) is the latest standard. It’s much faster than Wi-Fi 6, reaching speeds up to 46 Gbps. Wi-Fi 7 is designed to use power efficiently and handle crowded Wi-Fi areas better.

While final ratification of this standard isn’t expected until the end of 2024, Wi-Fi 7 devices are already available.

802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)

Branded as Wi-Fi 6, the 802.11ax standard went live in 2019 to replace 802.11ac. Wi-Fi 6 maxes out at about 10 Gbps, uses less power, is more reliable in congested environments, and supports better security. Wi-Fi 6E is an extension of this standard that adds the6 GHz band .

802.11aj

Known as the China Millimeter Wave, this standard applies in China and is a rebranding of 802.11ad for use in certain areas of the world. The goal is to maintain backward compatibility with 802.11ad.

802.11ah

Approved in May 2017, this standard targets lower energy consumption and creates extended-range Wi-Fi networks that can go beyond the reach of a typical 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz network. It competes with Bluetooth, given its lower power needs.

Is 5 GHz Wi-Fi Better Than 2.4 GHz?

802.11ad

This standard was approved in December 2012 and is freakishly fast (several Gbits/second). However, the client device must be within 30 feet of the access point.

Keep in mind when distances are mentioned that ranges can be greatly impacted by obstacles that block the signal, so the range mentioned refers to situations where there is absolutely no interference.

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802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)

The generation of Wi-Fi that first signaled popular use,802.11ac , usesdual-band wireless technology, supporting simultaneous connections on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi devices. 802.11ac offers backward compatibility to 802.11a/b/g/n and bandwidth rated up to 1300 Mbps on the 5 GHz band plus up to 450 Mbps on 2.4 GHz. Most home wireless routers are compliant with this standard.

802.11ac is the most expensive to implement; performance improvements only noticeable in high-bandwidth applications

802.11ac is also referred to as Wi-Fi 5.

802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)

802.11n (also sometimes known asWireless N ) was designed to improve on 802.11g in the bandwidth it supports by using several wireless signals and antennas (called_MIMO_ technology) instead of one. Industry standards groups ratified 802.11n in 2009 with specifications providing up to 600 Mbps of network bandwidth. 802.11n also offers a somewhat better range over earlier Wi-Fi standards due to its increased signal intensity, and it is backward-compatible with 802.11a/b/g gear.

While 802.11n offers significant bandwidth improvement from previous standards and is widely supported, the use of multiple signals may interfere with nearby 802.11b/g-based networks.

802.11g (Wi-Fi 3)

In 2002 and 2003, WLAN products supporting a newer standard called 802.11g emerged. 802.11g attempts to combine the best of both 802.11a and 802.11b. 802.11g supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps and uses the 2.4 GHz frequency for greater range. 802.11g is backward compatible with 802.11b, meaning that 802.11gaccess points will work with 802.11b wirelessnetwork adapters and vice versa.

This standard is supported by essentially all wireless devices and network equipment in use today, and it’s an expensive option. However, the entire network slows to match any 802.11b devices on the network.

802.11g is also unofficially referred to as_Wi-Fi 3_ .

802.11a (Wi-Fi 2)

While 802.11b was in development, IEEE created a second extension to the original 802.11 standard called_802.11a_ . Because 802.11b gained popularity much faster than 802.11a, some folks believe that 802.11a was created after 802.11b. In fact, 802.11a was created at the same time. Due to its higher cost, 802.11a is usually found on business networks, whereas 802.11b better serves the home market.

802.11a supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps and signals in a regulated frequency spectrum around 5 GHz. This higher frequency, compared to 802.11b, shortens the range of 802.11a networks. The higher frequency also means 802.11a signals have more difficulty penetrating walls and other obstructions.

Because 802.11a and 802.11b use different frequencies, the two technologies are incompatible. Some vendors offer hybrid_802.11a/b_ network gear, but these products merely implement the two standards side by side (each connected device must use one or the other).

802.11a is also unofficially referred to as_Wi-Fi 2_ .

802.11b (Wi-Fi 1)

IEEE expanded on the original 802.11 standard in July 1999, creating the_802.11b_ specification. 802.11b supports a theoretical speed of up to 11 Mbps. A more realistic bandwidth of 2 Mbps (TCP) and 3 Mbps (UDP) should be expected.

802.11b uses the same_unregulated_ radio signaling frequency (2.4GHz ) as the original 802.11 standard. Vendors often prefer using these frequencies to lower their production costs. Being unregulated, 802.11b gear can incur interference from microwave ovens, cordless phones, and other appliances using the same 2.4 GHz range. However, by installing 802.11b gear at a reasonable distance from other appliances, interference can easily be avoided.

802.11b is also unofficially referred to as_Wi-Fi 1_ .

What About Bluetooth and the Rest?

Aside from these five general-purpose Wi-Fi standards, several other related wireless network technologies offer slightly different value propositions.

• IEEE 802.11 working group standards like 802.11h and 802.11j are extensions or offshoots of Wi-Fi technology that each serve a specific purpose.
• Bluetooth is an alternative wireless network technology that followed a different development path than the 802.11 family. Bluetooth supports a very short range (commonly 10 meters) and relatively low bandwidth (1-3 Mbps in practice) designed for low-power network devices like handhelds. The low manufacturing cost of Bluetooth hardware also appeals to industry vendors.
• WiMax also was developed separately from Wi-Fi. WiMax is designed for long-range networking (spanning miles or kilometers) as opposed to local area wireless networking.

The following IEEE 802.11 standards exist or are in development to support the creation of technologies for wirelesslocal area networking :

• 802.11a : 54 Mbps standard, 5 GHz signaling (ratified 1999)
• 802.11b: 11 Mbps standard, 2.4 GHz signaling (1999)
• 802.11c: Operation of bridge connections (moved to 802.1D)
• 802.11d: Worldwide compliance with regulations for use of wireless signal spectrum (2001)
• 802.11e: Quality of Service support (2005) to improve the delivery of delay-sensitive applications, such as Voice Wireless LAN and streaming multimedia
• 802.11F: Inter-Access Point Protocol recommendation for communication between access points to support roaming clients (2003)
• 802.11g : 54 Mbps standard, 2.4 GHz signaling (2003)
• 802.11h: Enhanced version of 802.11a to support European regulatory requirements (2003)
• 802.11i: Security improvements for the 802.11 family (2004)
• 802.11j: Enhancements to 5 GHz signaling to support Japan regulatory requirements (2004)
• 802.11k: WLAN system management
• 802.11m: Maintenance of 802.11 family documentation
• 802.11n : 100+ Mbps standard improvements over 802.11g (2009)
• 802.11p: Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment
• 802.11r: Fast roaming support using Basic Service Set transitions
• 802.11s: ESS mesh networking for access points
• 802.11T: Wireless Performance Prediction — recommendation for testing standards and metrics
• 802.11u: Internetworking with cellular and other forms of external networks
• 802.11v: Wireless network management and device configuration
• 802.11w: Protected Management Frames security enhancement
• 802.11y: Contention-Based Protocol for interference avoidance
• 802.11ac: 3.46Gbps standard, supports 2.4 and 5GHz frequencies through 802.11n
• 802.11ad: 6.7 Gbps standard, 60 GHz signaling (2012)
• 802.11ah: Creates extended-range Wi-Fi networks that go beyond the reach of a typical 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz networks
• 802.11aj: Approved in 2017; primarily for use in China
• 802.11ax: Approval expected 2018
• 802.11ay: Approval expected 2019
• 802.11az: Approval expected 2019

Additional standards that are not mentioned here may also exist. However, they may have been supplanted or canceled and are not relevant to the information in this article.

TheOfficial IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines page is published by IEEE to indicate the status of each of the networking standards under development.

FAQ

• What the first device to have Wi-Fi?
  The first popular consumer device to offer Wi-Fi was the 1999 iBook (Clamshell design). Wi-Fi was so new that Apple designed a stunt by having Phil Schiller (head of marketing) jump off a platform and fall 30 feet while transferring a file to show that the computer wasn’t physically connected to another computer).
• What is a mesh network?
  Because Wi-Fi has become as integral as electricity in our daily lives, ensuring a home or business has a strong wireless signal is important. Typically, homes have one Wi-Fi station to send the signal throughout the house, but obstacles (walls, pipes, distance) can weaken a signal.Mesh networks were invented to envelop an area with a better, stronger signal. Mesh networks are typically more expensive than a single broadcast station (like from your cable provider) but have proven to be far more reliable.

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